Software Is Changing (Again)
Andrej Karpathy·2025·Y Combinator AI Startup School·40 minFrom Software 1.0 (code) to 2.0 (weights) to 3.0 (prompts): Karpathy's case that natural language is becoming the new programming interface, with LLMs as the new computer.
Building the Software 2.0 Stack
Andrej Karpathy·2018·Spark+AI SummitKarpathy's argument that large chunks of conventional code are being replaced by learned weights — and what that means for the tools, infrastructure, and skills around them.
Let's build GPT: from scratch, in code, spelled out
Andrej Karpathy·2023Karpathy builds and trains a decoder-only Transformer from first principles, following Attention Is All You Need, ending at the core of nanoGPT.
Intro to Large Language Models
Andrej Karpathy·2023A one-hour, general-audience tour of what LLMs are, how they're trained, where they're going, and the new class of security problems they create.
State of GPT
Andrej Karpathy·2023·Microsoft BuildThe pretraining → SFT → reward modeling → RLHF pipeline behind ChatGPT-class assistants, plus practical mental models for prompting and using them well.
Objective-Driven AI
Yann LeCun·2024·Harvard CMSALeCun's case against autoregressive LLMs as a path to general intelligence, and his alternative agenda built around world models, JEPA, and energy-based inference.
Crafting quality that endures
Karri Saarinen·2025·Figma ConfigThe Linear CEO on why software quality is something a company has to value out loud — and how Linear's process keeps the bar from drifting as it scales.